In particular, abnormalities in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission across key brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum may underlie several characteristic clinical features of ASD, including impairments in learning and memory, atypical visual perception (e.g., hypersensitivity to bright light), repetitive behaviors, and avoidance across social settings (157, 158)
GHK acts as a bioavailable transporter of copper into cells
It is present in the cytosol and organelles
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4, 10) was obtained from Vivantis (Malaysia)
The primary antibodies used are as follows: P53 (Proteintech, 60283-2-Ig), pSer46-P53 (CST, 2521), FOXO4 (Proteintech, 21535-1-AP), Ki-67 (D3B5) Rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor 647 Conjugate) (CST, 12075), P21 (CST, 14074), -H2AX (Abcam, ab2254)
The intracellular ATP levels were expressed as the percentage of ATP levels related to that in control cells (control = 100%)